AP EAPCET 2027 Syllabus (For Engineering, Pharmacy & Agriculture Exams): Phsyics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology & Zoology Topics PDF

AP EAPCET 2027 Syllabus PDF

AP EAPCET 2027 Syllabus PDF (Engineering)

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AP EAPCET 2027 Mathematics Syllabus for Engineering Courses

Algebra

a) Functions: Types of functions, definitions, inverse functions and theorems, domain, range, and inverse.

b) Mathematical Induction: Principles of mathematical induction and theorems, applications of mathematical induction, problems on divisibility.

c) Matrices: Types of matrices, scalar multiple of a matrix and multiplication of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinants, properties of determinants, adjoint and inverse of a matrix, consistency and inconsistency of systems of simultaneous equations, rank of a matrix, solution of simultaneous linear equations.

d) Complex Numbers: Complex numbers as ordered pairs of real numbers, fundamental operations, representation of complex numbers in the form a + ib, modulus and amplitude of complex numbers, illustrations, geometrical and polar representation of complex numbers in the Argand plane, Argand diagram.

e) De Moivre’s Theorem: De Moivre’s theorem, integral and rational indices, nth roots of unity, geometrical interpretations, illustrations.

f) Quadratic Expressions: Quadratic expressions, equations in one variable, sign of quadratic expressions, change in signs, maximum and minimum values, quadratic inequations.

g) Theory of Equations: The relation between the roots and coefficients in an equation, solving equations when two or more roots are connected by a certain relation, equations with real coefficients, occurrence of complex roots in conjugate pairs and its consequences, transformation of equations, reciprocal equations.

h) Permutations and Combinations: Fundamental principle of counting, linear and circular permutations, permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time, permutations when repetitions are allowed, circular permutations, permutations with constrained repetitions, combinations, definitions, and certain theorems.

i) Binomial Theorem: Binomial theorem for positive integral indices, binomial theorem for rational indices, approximations using the binomial theorem.

j) Partial Fractions: Partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains non-repeated linear factors, partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) where both f(x) and g(x) are polynomials and g(x) contains repeated and/or non-repeated linear factors, partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when g(x) contains irreducible factors, partial fractions of f(x)/g(x) when f(x)/g(x) is an improper fraction, conversion of f(x)/g(x) into a power series in x.

Trigonometry

a) Trigonometric Ratios up to Transformations: Trigonometric ratios, variation, graphs and periodicity of trigonometric functions, trigonometric ratios of compound angles, trigonometric ratios of multiple and sub-multiple angles, sum and product transformations.

b) Trigonometric Equations: General solutions of trigonometric equations, simple trigonometric equations, solutions.

c) Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Reducing a trigonometric function to a bijective function, graphs of inverse trigonometric functions, properties of inverse trigonometric functions.

d) Hyperbolic Functions: Definitions of hyperbolic functions, graphs, definitions of inverse hyperbolic functions, graphs, addition formulae of hyperbolic functions.

e) Properties of Triangles: Relation between the sides and angles of a triangle, sine, cosine, tangent, and projection rules, half-angle formulae and areas of a triangle, incircle and excircles of a triangle.

Vector Algebra

a) Vectors Algebra: Vectors as a triad of real numbers, some basic concepts, classification of vectors, addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, angle between two nonzero vectors, linear combination of vectors, components of a vector in three dimensions, vector equations of a line and plane, including the Cartesian equivalent form of a line.

b) Product of Vectors: Scalar or dot product of two vectors, geometrical interpretations, orthogonal projections, properties of dot product, expression of dot product in the (i, j, k) system, angle between two vectors, geometrical vector methods, vector equations of a plane in normal form, angle between two planes, vector product of two vectors and its properties, vector product in the (i, j, k) system, vector areas, scalar triple product, vector equation of a plane in different forms, skew lines, shortest distance, plane, conditions for coplanarity, vector triple product, results.

Measures of Dispersion and Probability

a) Measures of Dispersion: Range, mean deviation, variance and standard deviation of ungrouped/grouped data, coefficient of variation, analysis of frequency distributions with equal means and unequal means but different variances.

b) Probability: Random experiments and events, classical definition of probability, axiomatic approach and addition theorem of probability, independent and dependent events, conditional probability, multiplication theorem and Bayes’ theorem.

c) Random Variables and Probability Distributions: Random variables, theoretical discrete distributions, mean and variance of discrete random variables, binomial and Poisson distributions.

Coordinate Geometry

a) Locus: Definition of locus, illustrations, finding equations of loci, problems connected with loci.

b) Transformation of Axes: Transformation of axes, rules, derivations and illustrations, translation of axes, rotation of axes, derivations, illustrations.

c) The Straight Line: Revision of fundamental results, straight line, normal form, illustrations, symmetric form, reduction into various forms, intersection of two straight lines, family of straight lines, concurrent lines, conditions for concurrent lines, angle between two lines, length of perpendicular from a point to a line, distance between two parallel lines, properties of concurrent lines related to a triangle.

d) Pair of Straight Lines: Equations of pairs of lines passing through the origin, angle between a pair of lines, conditions for perpendicular and coincident lines, bisectors of angles, pair of bisectors of angles, pair of lines, second-degree general equation, conditions for parallel lines, distance between them, point of intersection of a pair of lines, homogenising a second-degree equation with a first-degree equation in x and y.

e) Circle: Equation of a circle, standard form, centre and radius, equation of a circle with a given line segment as diameter, equation of a circle through three non-collinear points, parametric equations of a circle, position of a point in the plane of a circle, power of a point, definition of tangent, length of tangent, position of a straight line in the plane of a circle, conditions for a line to be tangent, chord joining two points on a circle, equation of the tangent at a point on the circle, point of contact, equation of normal, chord of contact, pole and polar, conjugate points and conjugate lines, equation of a chord with a given midpoint, relative positions of two circles, circles touching each other externally and internally, common tangents, centres of similitude, equation of a pair of tangents from an external point.

f) System of Circles: Angle between two intersecting circles, condition for orthogonality, radical axis of two circles, properties, common chord and common tangent of two circles, radical centre, intersection of a line and a circle.

g) Parabola: Conic sections, conic, parabola, equation of a parabola in standard form, definitions of chord, focal chord, double ordinate, latus rectum, different forms of parabola, parametric equations, parabola and point in the plane, equations of tangent and normal at a point on the parabola (Cartesian and parametric), conditions for a straight line to be a tangent.

h) Ellipse: Equation of an ellipse in standard form, parametric equations, various forms of ellipse, equation of tangent and normal at a point on the ellipse (Cartesian and parametric), condition for a straight line to be a tangent, auxiliary circles, eccentric angles, director circle.

i) Hyperbola: Equation of a hyperbola in standard form, rectangular hyperbola, various forms of hyperbola, auxiliary circle, parametric equations, equations of tangent and normal at a point on the hyperbola (Cartesian and parametric), conditions for a straight line to be tangent, asymptotes, director circle of a hyperbola.

j) Three-Dimensional Coordinates: Coordinates, section formulae, centroid of a triangle and tetrahedron.

k) Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios: Direction cosines, direction ratios.

l) Plane: Cartesian equation of a plane, simple illustrations, angle between two planes.

Calculus

a) Limits and Continuity: Intervals and neighbourhoods, limits, standard limits, continuity.

b) Differentiation: Derivative of a function, elementary properties, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, hyperbolic, and inverse hyperbolic functions, derivatives, methods of differentiation, second-order derivatives.

c) Applications of Derivatives: Errors and approximations, geometrical interpretation of a derivative, equations of tangents and normals to a curve, lengths of tangent, normal, subtangent, and subnormal, angles between two curves and conditions for orthogonality of curves, derivative as a rate of change, Rolle’s theorem and Lagrange’s mean value theorem, increasing and decreasing functions, maxima and minima.

d) Integration: Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, standard forms, properties of integrals, method of substitution, integration of algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, and inverse trigonometric functions, integration by parts, integration by the method of substitution, integration of algebraic and trigonometric functions, integration by parts, integration of exponential, logarithmic, and inverse trigonometric functions, integration by the partial fractions method, reduction formulae.

e) Definite Integrals: Definite integral as the limit of a sum, interpretation of definite integral as an area, fundamental theorem of integral calculus, properties, reduction formulae, application of definite integrals to areas.

f) Differential Equations: Formation of differential equations, degree and order of an ordinary differential equation, solution of a differential equation, solving differential equations by the variables separable method, homogeneous differential equations, non-homogeneous differential equations, linear differential equations.

AP EAPCET 2027 Physics Syllabus for Engineering Courses

Physical World

What is Physics? Scope and excitement of physics, physics, technology and society, fundamental forces in nature, nature of physical laws.

Units and Measurements

The International System of Units, measurement of length, measurement of large distances, estimation of very small distances, size of a molecule, range of lengths, measurement of mass, range of masses, measurement of time, accuracy and precision of instruments, errors in measurement, systematic errors, random errors, least count error, absolute error, relative error and percentage error, combination of errors, significant figures, rules for arithmetic operations with significant figures, rounding off uncertain digits, rules for determining uncertainty in the results of arithmetic calculations, dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae and dimensional equations, dimensional analysis and its applications, checking the dimensional consistency of equations, deducing relations among physical quantities.

Motion in a Straight Line

Position, path length and displacement, average velocity and average speed, instantaneous velocity and speed, acceleration, kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion, relative velocity.

Motion in a Plane

Scalars and vectors, position and displacement vectors, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by real numbers, addition and subtraction of vectors, graphical method, resolution of vectors, vector addition, analytical method, motion in a plane, position vector and displacement, velocity, acceleration, motion in a plane with constant acceleration, relative velocity in two dimensions, projectile motion, equation of path of a projectile, time of maximum height, maximum height of a projectile, horizontal range of a projectile, uniform circular motion.

Laws of Motion

Aristotle’s fallacy, law of inertia, Newton’s first law of motion, Newton’s second law of motion, momentum, impulse, Newton’s third law of motion, conservation of momentum, equilibrium of a particle, common forces in mechanics, friction, types of friction, static, kinetic and rolling friction, circular motion, motion of a car on a level road, motion of a car on a banked road, solving problems in mechanics.

Work, Energy and Power

Scalar product, notions of work and kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, work, kinetic energy, work done by a variable force, work-energy theorem for a variable force, concept of potential energy, conservation of mechanical energy, potential energy of a spring, various forms of energy, heat, chemical energy, electrical energy, equivalence of mass and energy, nuclear energy, principle of conservation of energy, power, collisions, elastic and inelastic collisions, collisions in one dimension, coefficient of restitution and its determination, collisions in two dimensions.

System of Particles and Rotational Motion

Rigid body motion, centre of mass, centre of gravity, motion of centre of mass, linear momentum of a system of particles, vector product of two vectors, angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity, angular acceleration, kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, moment of force (torque), angular momentum of a particle, torque and angular momentum for a system of particles, conservation of angular momentum, equilibrium of a rigid body, principle of moments, moment of inertia, dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis, angular momentum in case of rotation about a fixed axis, conservation of angular momentum, rolling motion, kinetic energy of rolling motion.

Oscillations

Periodic and oscillatory motions, period and frequency, displacement, simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.), simple harmonic motion and uniform circular motion, velocity and acceleration in simple harmonic motion, force law for simple harmonic motion, energy in simple harmonic motion, systems executing simple harmonic motion, oscillations due to a spring, simple pendulum, damped simple harmonic motion, forced oscillations and resonance.

Gravitation

Kepler’s laws, law of orbits, law of areas, law of periods, universal law of gravitation, central forces, gravitational constant, acceleration due to gravity of the Earth, acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of the Earth, gravitational potential energy, escape speed, Earth satellites, energy of an orbiting satellite, geostationary and polar satellites, weightlessness.

Mechanical Properties of Solids

Elastic behaviour of solids, stress and strain, Hooke’s law, stress-strain curve, elastic moduli, Young’s modulus, determination of Young’s modulus of the material of a wire, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Poisson’s ratio, elastic potential energy in a stretched wire, applications of elastic behaviour of materials.

Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Pressure, Pascal’s law, variation of pressure with depth, atmospheric pressure and gauge pressure, hydraulic machines, Archimedes’ principle, streamline flow, Bernoulli’s principle, speed of efflux, Torricelli’s law, Venturi meter, blood flow and heart attack, dynamic lift, viscosity, variation of viscosity of fluids with temperature, Stokes’ law, Reynolds number, critical velocity, surface tension and surface energy, angle of contact, drops and bubbles, capillary rise, detergents and surface tension.

Thermal Properties of Matter

Temperature and heat, measurement of temperature, ideal gas equation and absolute temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, calorimetry, change of state, triple point, regelation, latent heat, heat transfer, conduction, convection and radiation, blackbody radiation, greenhouse effect, Newton’s law of cooling and its experimental verification.

Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, internal energy and work, first law of thermodynamics, specific heat capacity, specific heat capacity of water, thermodynamic state variables and equation of state, thermodynamic processes, quasistatic process, isothermal process, adiabatic process, isochoric process, isobaric process, cyclic process, heat engines, refrigerators and heat pumps, second law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot engine, Carnot’s theorem.

Kinetic Theory

Molecular nature of matter, behaviour of gases, Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, kinetic theory of an ideal gas, pressure of an ideal gas, kinetic interpretation of temperature, law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacity, monatomic gases, diatomic gases, polyatomic gases, specific heat capacity of solids, specific heat capacity of water, mean free path.

Waves

Transverse and longitudinal waves, wave displacement relation in a progressive wave, amplitude and phase, wavelength and angular wave number, period, angular frequency and frequency, speed of a travelling wave, speed of a transverse wave on a stretched string, speed of a longitudinal wave (speed of sound), principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves and normal modes, beats, Doppler effect, source moving and observer stationary, observer moving and source stationary, both observer and source moving, applications of the Doppler effect.

Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

Reflection of light by spherical mirrors, sign convention, focal length of a spherical mirror, mirror equation, refraction, total internal reflection, total internal reflection in nature and its technological applications, refraction at spherical surfaces and by lenses, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction through a prism, dispersion by a prism, natural phenomena due to sunlight, rainbow, scattering of light, optical instruments, the eye, simple and compound microscopes, refracting telescope, Cassegrain reflecting telescope.

Wave Optics

Huygens’ principle, refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens’ principle, refraction of a plane wave, refraction in a rarer medium at the denser medium boundary, reflection of a plane wave by a plane surface, Doppler effect, coherent and incoherent addition of waves, interference of light waves and Young’s experiment, diffraction, single-slit diffraction, single-slit diffraction pattern, resolving power of optical instruments, determination of resolving power of the eye, validity of ray optics, polarization, polarization by scattering, polarization by reflection.

Electric Charges and Fields

Electric charge, conductors and insulators, charging by induction, basic properties of electric charges, additivity of charges, conservation of charge, quantization of charge, Coulomb’s law, forces between multiple charges, electric field, electric field due to a system of charges, physical significance of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux, electric dipole, field of an electric dipole for points on the axial line and on the equatorial plane, physical significance of dipoles, dipole in a uniform external field, continuous charge distribution, Gauss’s law, applications of Gauss’s law, field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire, field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell.

Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electrostatic potential, potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole, potential due to a system of charges, equipotential surfaces, relation between field and potential, potential energy of a system of charges, potential energy in an external field, potential energy of a single charge, potential energy of a system of two charges in an external field, potential energy of a dipole in an external field, electrostatics of conductors, dielectrics and polarization, electric displacement, capacitors and capacitance, parallel plate capacitor, effect of dielectric on capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitors in series, capacitors in parallel, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator.

Current Electricity

Electric current, electric current in conductors, Ohm’s law, drift of electrons and the origin of resistivity, mobility, limitations of Ohm’s law, resistivity of various materials, colour code of resistors, temperature dependence of resistivity, electrical energy, power, combination of resistors, series and parallel, cells, EMF, internal resistance, cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff’s rules, Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge, potentiometer.

Moving Charges and Magnetism

Magnetic force, sources and fields, magnetic field, Lorentz force, magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor, motion in a magnetic field, helical motion of charged particles, motion in combined electric and magnetic fields, velocity selector, cyclotron, magnetic field due to a current element, Biot–Savart’s law, magnetic field on the axis of a circular current loop, Ampere’s circuital law, solenoid and toroid, force between two parallel current-carrying conductors, ampere (unit), torque on a current loop, magnetic dipole, torque on a rectangular current loop in a uniform magnetic field, circular current loop as a magnetic dipole, magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, moving coil galvanometer, conversion into ammeter and voltmeter.

Magnetism and Matter

Bar magnet, magnetic field lines, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, dipole in a uniform magnetic field, electrostatic analog, magnetism and Gauss’s law, Earth’s magnetism, magnetic declination and dip, magnetization and magnetic intensity, magnetic properties of materials, diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism, permanent magnets and electromagnets.

Electromagnetic Induction

Experiments of Faraday and Henry, magnetic flux, Faraday’s law of induction, Lenz’s law and conservation of energy, motional electromotive force, energy consideration, a quantitative study, eddy currents, inductance, mutual inductance, self-inductance, AC generator.

Alternating Current

AC voltage applied to a resistor, representation of AC current and voltage by rotating vectors, phasors, AC voltage applied to an inductor, AC voltage applied to a capacitor, AC voltage applied to a series LCR circuit, phasor diagram solution, analytical solution, resonance, sharpness of resonance, power in an AC circuit, power factor, wattless current, LC oscillations, transformers.

Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement current, Maxwell’s equations, electromagnetic waves, sources of electromagnetic waves, nature of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic spectrum, radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays.

Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

Electron emission, photoelectric effect, Hertz’s observations, Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s observations, experimental study of the photoelectric effect, effect of intensity of light on photocurrent, effect of potential on photoelectric current, effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential, photoelectric effect and wave theory of light, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, energy quantum of radiation, particle nature of light, photon, wave nature of matter, photocell, Davisson–Germer experiment.

Atoms

Alpha-particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom, alpha-particle trajectory, electron orbits, atomic spectra, spectral series, Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, energy levels, Franck–Hertz experiment, line spectra of the hydrogen atom, de Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’s second postulate of quantization.

Nuclei

Atomic masses and composition of the nucleus, discovery of neutron, size of the nucleus, mass-energy, nuclear binding energy, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear force, radioactivity, law of radioactive decay, half-life and mean life of a radioactive material, alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay, nuclear energy, fission, nuclear reactor, nuclear fusion, energy generation in stars, controlled thermonuclear fusion.

Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits

Classification of metals, conductors and semiconductors on the basis of conductivity and energy bands, band theory of solids, intrinsic semiconductor, extrinsic semiconductor, p-type semiconductor, n-type semiconductor, p-n junction, forward bias, reverse bias, semiconductor diode, application of junction diode as a rectifier, Zener diode, Zener diode as a voltage regulator, optoelectronic junction devices, photodiode, light-emitting diode, solar cell, junction transistor, structure and action, basic transistor circuit configurations and transistor characteristics, transistor as a switch and as an amplifier (CE configuration), feedback amplifier and transistor oscillator, digital electronics and logic gates, NOT, OR, AND, NAND and NOR gates, integrated circuits.

Communication Systems

Elements of a communication system, basic terminology used in electronic communication systems, bandwidth of signals, bandwidth of transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves, ground waves, sky waves, space waves, modulation and its necessity, size of the antenna or aerial, effective power radiated by an antenna, mixing of signals from different transmitters, amplitude modulation, production of amplitude-modulated waves, detection of amplitude-modulated waves.

AP EAPCET 2027 Chemistry Syllabus for Engineering Courses

Unit-1: Atomic Structure

Subatomic Particles: Subatomic particles, atomic models, developments leading to the Bohr model of the atom.

Electromagnetic Radiation: Wave nature of electromagnetic radiation, particle nature of electromagnetic radiation, Planck’s quantum theory.

Bohr Model: Evidence for quantised electronic energy levels, atomic spectra, Bohr’s model for the hydrogen atom, explanation of the line spectrum of hydrogen, limitations of Bohr’s model.

Quantum Mechanical Model: Quantum mechanical considerations of subatomic particles, dual behaviour of matter, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, quantum mechanical model of an atom, important features of the quantum mechanical model of an atom.

Orbitals and Quantum Numbers: Orbitals and quantum numbers, shapes of atomic orbitals, energies of orbitals.

Electronic Configuration: Filling of orbitals in atoms, Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity, electronic configurations of atoms, stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

Unit-2: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Periodic Classification: Need to classify elements, genesis of periodic classification, modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100.

Electronic Configuration: Electronic configuration of elements and the periodic table, electronic configuration and types of elements, s-, p-, d-, and f-block elements.

Trends in Physical Properties: Atomic radius, ionic radius, variation of size in inner transition elements, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity.

Periodic Trends in Chemical Properties: Periodicity of valence or oxidation states, anomalous properties of second-period elements, diagonal relationship, periodic trends and chemical reactivity.

Unit-3: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel-Lewis Approach: Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bonding, octet rule, Lewis representation of simple molecules, formal charges, limitations of the octet rule.

Ionic Bond: Ionic or electrovalent bond, factors favourable for the formation of ionic compounds, crystal structure of sodium chloride, lattice enthalpy, general properties of ionic compounds.

Bond Parameters: Bond length, bond angle, bond enthalpy, bond order, resonance, polarity of bonds, dipole moment, Fajan’s rules.

VSEPR Theory: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory, predicting the geometry of simple molecules.

Valence Bond Theory: Orbital overlap concept, directional properties of bonds, overlapping of atomic orbitals, types of overlapping and nature of covalent bonds, strength of sigma and pi bonds, factors favouring the formation of covalent bonds.

Hybridisation: Different types of hybridisation involving s, p, and d orbitals, shapes of simple covalent molecules.

Coordinate Bond: Definition of coordinate bond with examples.

Molecular Orbital Theory: Formation of molecular orbitals, linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), conditions for combination of atomic orbitals, types of molecular orbitals, energy-level diagrams for molecular orbitals, electronic configuration and molecular behaviour, bonding in homonuclear diatomic molecules such as H₂, He₂, Li₂, B₂, C₂, N₂, and O₂.

Hydrogen Bonding: Cause of formation of hydrogen bonds, types of hydrogen bonds, intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds, general properties of hydrogen bonds.

Unit-4: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Intermolecular Forces: Intermolecular forces, thermal energy, intermolecular forces versus thermal interactions.

Gaseous State: The gaseous state, gas laws, ideal gas equation, Graham’s law of diffusion, Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

Kinetic Theory: Kinetic molecular theory of gases, kinetic gas equation of an ideal gas (no derivation), deduction of gas laws from the kinetic gas equation, distribution of molecular speeds, kinetic energy.

Real Gases: Behaviour of real gases, deviation from ideal gas behaviour, compressibility factor versus pressure diagrams of real gases, liquefaction of gases.

Liquid State: Liquid state, vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity (no mathematical part).

Unit-5: Stoichiometry

Significant Figures and Chemical Laws: Significant figures, laws of chemical combinations, law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions.

Mole Concept: Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, concept of equivalent weight.

Chemical Calculations: Percentage composition of compounds, calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds, stoichiometry and stoichiometric calculations, limiting reagent.

Concentration of Solutions: Methods of expressing concentrations of solutions, mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality.

Redox Reactions: Classical idea of redox reactions, oxidation and reduction reactions, redox reactions in terms of electron transfer, oxidation number concept, types of redox reactions including combination, decomposition, displacement, and disproportionation reactions.

Balancing Redox Reactions: Oxidation number method, half-reaction (ion-electron) method, redox reactions in titrimetry.

Unit-6: Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic Terms: Thermodynamic terms, system and surroundings, types of systems and surroundings, state of the system, internal energy as a state function.

First Law of Thermodynamics: Work, heat, the general case, first law of thermodynamics and its applications.

Enthalpy: Enthalpy as a useful state function, extensive and intensive properties, relationship between Cₚ and Cᵥ.

Measurement of Energy Changes: Measurement of ΔU and ΔH, calorimetry, enthalpy change (ΔᵣH) of reactions.

Reaction Enthalpy: Standard enthalpy of reactions, enthalpy changes during transformations, standard enthalpy of formation, thermochemical equations, Hess’s law of constant heat summation.

Enthalpies of Different Reactions: Standard enthalpy of combustion, enthalpy of atomisation, phase transition, sublimation and ionisation, bond enthalpy, enthalpy of solution and dilution, lattice enthalpy.

Spontaneity: Spontaneity, whether decrease in enthalpy is a criterion for spontaneity, entropy and spontaneity, second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy and spontaneity, absolute entropy and third law of thermodynamics.

Unit-7: Chemical Equilibrium and Acids-Bases

Equilibrium: Equilibrium in physical processes, equilibrium in chemical processes, dynamic equilibrium, law of chemical equilibrium, law of mass action and equilibrium constant.

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Equilibria: Homogeneous equilibria, equilibrium constant in gaseous systems, relationship between Kₚ and Kc, heterogeneous equilibria.

Applications of Equilibrium: Applications of equilibrium constant, relationship between equilibrium constant K, reaction quotient Q and Gibbs energy G, factors affecting equilibria, Le Chatelier’s principle and its application to the industrial synthesis of ammonia and sulphur trioxide.

Ionic Equilibrium: Ionic equilibrium in solutions, acids, bases and salts, Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis concepts of acids and bases.

Ionisation: Ionisation of acids and bases, ionisation constant of water and its ionic product, pH scale, ionisation constants of weak acids, ionisation of weak bases, relationship between Ka and Kb, di- and polybasic acids and di- and polyacidic bases, factors affecting acid strength.

Common Ion Effect and Salt Hydrolysis: Common ion effect in the ionisation of acids and bases, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, buffer solutions.

Solubility Equilibria: Solubility equilibria of sparingly soluble salts, solubility product constant, common ion effect on the solubility of ionic salts.

Unit-8: Hydrogen and Its Compounds

Hydrogen: Position of hydrogen in the periodic table, dihydrogen, occurrence and isotopes, preparation and properties of dihydrogen, uses of H₂.

Hydrides: Ionic, covalent, and non-stoichiometric hydrides.

Water: Physical properties, structure of water and ice, chemical properties of water, hard and soft water, temporary and permanent hardness of water.

Hydrogen Peroxide: Preparation, properties, structure, storage, and uses of hydrogen peroxide.

Other Applications: Heavy water, hydrogen as a fuel.

Unit-9: The s-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals)

Group 1 Elements: Alkali metals, electronic configurations, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, hydration enthalpy, physical properties, chemical properties, uses.

Compounds of Alkali Metals: General characteristics of oxides, halides, and salts of oxoacids of alkali metals.

Lithium: Anomalous properties of lithium, differences and similarities with other alkali metals, diagonal relationship, similarities between lithium and magnesium.

Important Sodium Compounds: Sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium.

Group 2 Elements: Alkaline earth elements, electronic configuration, ionisation enthalpy, hydration enthalpy, physical properties, chemical properties, uses.

Compounds of Alkaline Earth Metals: General characteristics of oxides, hydroxides, halides, and salts of oxyacids, including carbonates, sulphates, and nitrates.

Beryllium and Calcium: Anomalous behaviour of beryllium, diagonal relationship with aluminium, important compounds of calcium, preparation and uses of calcium hydroxide, quicklime, calcium carbonate, plaster of Paris, cement, biological importance of calcium and magnesium.

Unit-10: p-Block Elements — Group 13 (Boron Family)

General Properties: General introduction, electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties.

Aluminium: Reactivity of aluminium towards acids and alkalies.

Boron: Important trends and anomalous properties of boron.

Important Compounds: Borax, orthoboric acid, diborane.

Uses: Uses of boron, aluminium, and their compounds.

Unit-11: p-Block Elements — Group 14 (Carbon Family)

General Properties: General introduction, electronic configuration, atomic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties.

Carbon: Important trends and anomalous properties of carbon, allotropes of carbon, uses of carbon.

Important Compounds of Carbon and Silicon: Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, silica, silicones, silicates, and zeolites.

Unit-12: Environmental Chemistry

Environmental Pollution: Definition of air, water, soil pollution, and environmental pollution.

Atmospheric Pollution: Atmospheric pollution, acid rain, particulate pollutants, stratospheric pollution.

Other Pollution: Water pollution, soil pollution.

Pollution Control: Strategies to control environmental pollution.

Green Chemistry: Green chemistry.

Unit-13: Organic Chemistry — Some Basic Principles and Techniques and Hydrocarbons

Basic Organic Chemistry: General introduction, tetravalency of carbon, shapes of organic compounds, structural representations of organic compounds, classification of organic compounds, nomenclature of organic compounds, isomerism.

Organic Reaction Mechanisms: Fundamental concepts in organic reaction mechanisms, fission of covalent bonds, nucleophiles and electrophiles, electron movements in organic reactions, electron displacement effects in covalent bonds including inductive effect, resonance, resonance effect, electromeric effect, and hyperconjugation.

Organic Reactions and Analysis: Types of organic reactions, methods of purification of organic compounds, qualitative elemental analysis, quantitative elemental analysis.

Hydrocarbons: Classification of hydrocarbons.

Alkanes: Nomenclature, structural and conformational isomerism of ethane, preparation of alkanes, physical properties and chemical reactivity, substitution reactions, halogenation, combustion, controlled oxidation, isomerisation, aromatisation, reaction with steam, pyrolysis.

Alkenes: Nomenclature, structure of ethene, structural and geometrical isomerism, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, addition of dihydrogen, halogens, water, sulphuric acid, and hydrogen halides, ionic and peroxide effects, Markovnikov’s and anti-Markovnikov’s (Kharasch) effects, oxidation, ozonolysis, polymerisation.

Alkynes: Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of acetylene, methods of preparation of acetylene, physical properties, acidic character, addition reactions of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water, polymerisation.

Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Nomenclature and isomerism, structure of benzene, resonance and aromaticity, preparation and physical properties of benzene, chemical properties, mechanism of electrophilic substitution, nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional groups in monosubstituted benzene, carcinogenicity and toxicity.

Unit-14: Solid State

General Characteristics: General characteristics of solid state, amorphous and crystalline solids, classification of crystalline solids based on binding forces including molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent solids.

Crystal Structure: X-ray crystallography, crystal lattices and unit cells, Bravais lattices, primitive and centred unit cells.

Unit Cells: Number of atoms in a unit cell, primitive, body-centred cubic, and face-centred cubic unit cells.

Close Packing: Close packing in one, two, and three dimensions, tetrahedral and octahedral voids, formula of a compound and number of voids filled, locating tetrahedral and octahedral voids.

Packing Efficiency and Calculations: Packing efficiency in simple cubic, bcc, hcp, and ccp lattices, calculations involving unit-cell dimensions, density of the unit cell.

Defects and Properties: Imperfections in solids, point defects, stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric defects, electrical properties, conduction of electricity in metals, semiconductors and insulators, band theory of metals, magnetic properties.

Unit-15: Solutions

Types and Concentration: Types of solutions, expressing concentration of solutions using mass percentage, volume percentage, mass by volume percentage, parts per million, mole fraction, molarity, and molality.

Solubility: Solubility of a solid in a liquid, solubility of a gas in a liquid, Henry’s law.

Vapour Pressure: Vapour pressure of liquid solutions, vapour pressure of liquid-liquid solutions, Raoult’s law as a special case of Henry’s law, vapour pressure of solutions of solids in liquids.

Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions: Ideal and non-ideal solutions.

Colligative Properties: Relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmosis and osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis and water purification, determination of molar mass.

Abnormal Molar Masses: Abnormal molar masses and van’t Hoff factor.

Unit-16: Electrochemistry and Chemical Kinetics

Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells, galvanic cells, measurement of electrode potentials, Nernst equation, equilibrium constant from the Nernst equation, electrochemical cell and Gibbs energy of the cell reaction.

Conductance: Conductance of electrolytic solutions, measurement of conductivity of ionic solutions, variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration, strong and weak electrolytes, applications of Kohlrausch’s law.

Electrolysis and Batteries: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, products of electrolysis, primary and secondary batteries, fuel cells, corrosion of metals, hydrogen economy.

Chemical Kinetics: Rate of a chemical reaction, factors influencing the rate of a reaction, dependence of rate on concentration, rate expression and rate constant, order of a reaction, molecularity of a reaction.

Integrated Rate Equations: Zero-order reactions, first-order reactions, half-life of a reaction, pseudo-first-order reactions.

Temperature and Catalysis: Temperature dependence of the rate of a reaction, effect of catalysts, collision theory of chemical reaction rates.

Unit-17: Surface Chemistry

Adsorption: Distinction between adsorption and absorption, mechanism of adsorption, types of adsorption, characteristics of physisorption and chemisorption, adsorption isotherms, adsorption from the solution phase, applications of adsorption.

Catalysis: Catalysts, promoters and poisons, autocatalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption theory of heterogeneous catalysis, important features of solid catalysts including activity and selectivity, shape-selective catalysis by zeolites, enzyme catalysis, characteristics and mechanism, catalysts in industry.

Colloids: Classification of colloids based on physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium, nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium, type of particles of dispersed phase, multimolecular, macromolecular and associated colloids.

Properties and Preparation: Cleansing action of soaps, preparation of colloids, purification of colloidal solutions, properties of colloidal solutions including colligative properties, Tyndall effect, colour, Brownian movement, charge on colloidal particles, electrophoresis.

Coagulation and Emulsions: Coagulation, precipitation methods, coagulation of lyophilic sols, protection of colloids, emulsions, colloids around us and applications of colloids.

Unit-18: General Principles of Metallurgy

Occurrence and Concentration of Ores: Occurrence of metals, concentration of ores, levigation, magnetic separation, froth flotation, leaching.

Extraction of Metals: Extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore, conversion to oxide, reduction of oxide to the metal.

Thermodynamic Principles: Thermodynamic principles of metallurgy, Ellingham diagram, limitations and applications, extraction of iron, copper, and zinc from their oxides.

Electrochemical Principles: Electrochemical principles of metallurgy, oxidation and reduction.

Refining of Metals: Refining of crude metal by distillation, liquation, poling, electrolysis, zone refining, and vapour-phase refining.

Uses: Uses of aluminium, copper, zinc, and iron.

Unit-19: p-Block Elements

Group 15 Elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties, dinitrogen, preparation, properties and uses, compounds of nitrogen, preparation, properties and uses of ammonia, oxides of nitrogen, preparation and properties of nitric acid, phosphorus and its allotropic forms, phosphine, preparation and properties, phosphorus halides, oxoacids of phosphorus.

Group 16 Elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties, dioxygen, preparation, properties and uses, simple oxides, ozone, preparation, properties, structure and uses, sulphur and its allotropic forms, sulphur dioxide, preparation, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur, sulphuric acid, industrial manufacture, properties and uses.

Group 17 Elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, physical and chemical properties, chlorine, preparation, properties and uses, hydrogen chloride, preparation, properties and uses, oxoacids of halogens, interhalogen compounds, preparation, properties and uses.

Group 18 Elements: Occurrence, electronic configuration, ionisation enthalpy, atomic radii, electron gain enthalpy, physical and chemical properties, xenon-fluorine compounds (XeF₂, XeF₄ and XeF₆), preparation, hydrolysis, formation of fluoro anions and structures, xenon-oxygen compounds (XeO₃ and XeOF₄), formation and structures, uses of noble gases.

Unit-20: d- and f-Block Elements and Coordination Compounds

d- and f-Block Elements: Position in the periodic table, electronic configuration of d-block elements, general properties of transition elements, physical properties, variation in atomic and ionic sizes of transition series, ionisation enthalpies, oxidation states, trends in M²⁺/M and M³⁺/M²⁺ standard electrode potentials, stability of higher oxidation states, chemical reactivity and E° values, magnetic properties, formation of coloured ions, complex compounds, catalytic properties, formation of interstitial compounds and alloys.

Important Compounds: Oxides and oxo-anions of metals, uses of potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate, structures of chromate, dichromate, manganate, and permanganate ions.

f-Block Elements: Inner transition elements, lanthanoids, electronic configuration, atomic and ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics, actinoids, electronic configurations, ionic sizes, oxidation states, general characteristics, comparison with lanthanoids, applications of d- and f-block elements.

Coordination Compounds: Werner’s theory, definitions of terms used in coordination compounds, IUPAC nomenclature, isomerism including geometrical and optical stereoisomerism and linkage, coordination, ionisation and solvate structural isomerism.

Bonding in Coordination Compounds: Valence bond theory, magnetic properties, limitations of valence bond theory, crystal field theory, crystal field splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral coordination entities, colour in coordination compounds, limitations of crystal field theory, bonding in metal carbonyls, stability and importance of coordination compounds, applications of coordination compounds.

Unit-21: Polymers

Classification of Polymers: Classification based on source, structure, mode of polymerisation, molecular forces, and growth polymerisation.

Addition Polymerisation: Types of polymerisation reactions, addition or chain-growth polymerisation, ionic polymerisation, free-radical mechanism, preparation of addition polymers including polythene, Teflon, and polyacrylonitrile.

Condensation Polymerisation: Condensation or step-growth polymerisation, polyamides, preparation of Nylon 6,6 and Nylon 6, polyesters, terylene, Bakelite, melamine-formaldehyde polymer, copolymerisation.

Rubber: Natural rubber, vulcanisation of rubber, synthetic rubbers, preparation of neoprene and Buna-N.

Molecular Mass: Molecular mass of polymers, number-average and weight-average molecular masses, polydispersity index (PDI).

Biodegradable and Commercial Polymers: Biodegradable polymers including poly β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) and Nylon-2-Nylon-6, commercially important polymers including polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), urea-formaldehyde resin, glyptal, and Bakelite, their monomers, structures, and uses.

Unit-22: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates: Classification of carbohydrates, monosaccharides, preparation of glucose from sucrose and starch, properties and structure of glucose, D- and L-configurations and (+)/(−) configurations of glucose, structure of fructose.

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides: Sucrose, preparation and structure, invert sugar, structures of maltose and lactose, structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen, importance of carbohydrates.

Amino Acids: Natural amino acids, classification of amino acids, structures and D- and L-forms, zwitterions.

Proteins: Structures and classification of proteins, fibrous and globular proteins, primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures, denaturation of proteins.

Enzymes: Enzymes and mechanism of enzyme action.

Vitamins: Explanation, names, classification, sources and deficiency diseases of different types of vitamins.

Nucleic Acids: Chemical composition and structures of nucleic acids, DNA fingerprinting, biological functions of nucleic acids.

Hormones: Definition, types of hormones, their production, biological activity, and diseases due to abnormal hormonal activity.

Unit-23: Chemistry in Everyday Life

Drugs: Drugs and their classification based on pharmacological effect, drug action, chemical structure, and molecular targets.

Drug-Target Interaction: Drug-target interaction, enzymes as drug targets, catalytic action of enzymes, drug-enzyme interaction, receptors as drug targets.

Therapeutic Drugs: Therapeutic action of antacids, antihistamines, neurologically active drugs, tranquilizers, analgesics including non-narcotic and narcotic analgesics, antimicrobials, antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants, antifertility drugs.

Chemicals in Food: Artificial sweetening agents, food preservatives, antioxidants in food.

Cleansing Agents: Soaps and synthetic detergents.

Unit-24: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Classification and Bonding: Classification and nomenclature, nature of the C–X bond.

Preparation: Preparation of alkyl halides and aryl halides from alcohols and hydrocarbons, free-radical halogenation, electrophilic substitution, replacement of diazonium group through Sandmeyer reaction, addition of hydrogen halides and halogens to alkenes, halogen exchange reactions including Finkelstein and Swarts reactions.

Physical Properties: Melting and boiling points, density and solubility.

Reactions of Haloalkanes: Nucleophilic substitution reactions, SN2 and SN1 mechanisms, stereochemical aspects of nucleophilic substitution reactions and optical activity, elimination reactions, reactions with metals.

Reactions of Haloarenes: Nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic substitution and reactions with metals.

Polyhalogen Compounds: Uses and environmental effects of dichloromethane, trichloromethane, triiodomethane, tetrachloromethane, freons, and DDT.

Unit-25: Organic Compounds Containing C, H and O (Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids)

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers: Classification and nomenclature, structures of hydroxy and ether functional groups.

Preparation: Alcohols from alkenes and carbonyl compounds and from Grignard reagents; phenols from haloarenes, benzene sulphonic acid, diazonium salts, and cumene.

Alcohols and Phenols: Physical properties, reactions involving cleavage of the O–H bond, acidity of alcohols and phenols, esterification, reactions involving cleavage of the C–O bond, reactions with HX and PX₃, dehydration and oxidation, electrophilic aromatic substitution in phenols, Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, reaction with zinc dust, oxidation.

Commercially Important Alcohols: Methanol and ethanol.

Ethers: Preparation by dehydration of alcohols and Williamson synthesis, physical properties, cleavage of the C–O bond and electrophilic substitution of aromatic ethers such as anisole.

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature and structure of the carbonyl group, preparation by oxidation and dehydrogenation of alcohols and from hydrocarbons, preparation of aldehydes from acyl chlorides, nitriles and esters, preparation of ketones from acyl chlorides, nitriles, benzene and substituted benzenes, physical properties, nucleophilic addition, reduction, oxidation, reactions due to α-hydrogen, Cannizzaro reaction, electrophilic substitution reaction, uses of aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature and structure of the carboxyl group, preparation from primary alcohols and aldehydes, alkyl benzenes, nitriles and amides, Grignard reagents, acyl halides and anhydrides, and esters, physical properties, acidity, reactions with metals and alkalies, formation of anhydrides, reactions with PCl₅, PCl₃ and SOCl₂, esterification, reaction with ammonia, reduction, decarboxylation, halogenation and ring substitution, uses of carboxylic acids.

Unit-26: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Amines: Structure, classification and nomenclature of amines.

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis of alkyl halides, reduction of nitriles, reduction of amides, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction.

Properties and Reactions: Physical properties, basic character of amines, alkylation, acylation, carbylamine reaction, reaction with nitrous acid, reaction with aryl sulphonyl chloride, electrophilic substitution of aromatic amines such as aniline, bromination, nitration and sulphonation.

Diazonium Salts: Methods of preparation by diazotisation, physical properties, reactions involving displacement of nitrogen, reactions involving retention of the diazo group, coupling reactions, importance of diazonium salts in the synthesis of aromatic compounds.

Cyanides and Isocyanides: Structure and nomenclature of cyanides and isocyanides, preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions.

AP EAPCET 2027 Botany Syllabus for Agriculture and Pharmacy 

Topic

Detailed Topics / Subtopics

Diversity in the Living World

The Living World: What is living?; Diversity in the living world; Taxonomic categories and taxonomical aids.

Biological Classification: Five-kingdom classification – Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia; Three domains of life (six-kingdom classification); Viruses, Viroids, Prions and Lichens.

Science of Plants – Botany: Origin, development, scope and branches of Botany.

Plant Kingdom: Salient features, classification and alternation of generations of Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Structural Organisation in Plants – Morphology

Morphology of Flowering Plants: Vegetative: Parts of a typical angiospermic plant; vegetative morphology and modifications of root, stem and leaf; types; venation; phyllotaxy.

Reproductive: Inflorescence – racemose, cymose and special types (in brief); flower – parts of a flower and their detailed description; aestivation; placentation; fruits – true, false and parthenocarpic fruits; seeds (in brief); important edible fruits.

Reproduction in Plants

Modes of Reproduction: Asexual reproduction; binary fission; sporulation; budding; fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants; sexual reproduction (in brief); overview of the angiosperm life cycle.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Stamen, microsporangium and pollen grain; pistil, megasporangium (ovule) and embryo sac; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination – types, agents, outbreeding devices and pollen–pistil interaction; double fertilization; post-fertilization events – development of endosperm and embryo; development of seed; structure of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous seeds; significance of fruit and seed.

Special Modes: Apomixis, parthenocarpy and polyembryony.

Plant Systematics

Taxonomy of Angiosperms: Introduction; types of systems of classification (in brief); semi-technical description of a typical flowering plant.

Families: Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Liliaceae.

Cell Structure and Function

Cell – The Unit of Life: Cell theory; cell as the basic unit of life; overview of the cell; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Ultrastructure of Plant Cell: Structure in detail and functions in brief; cell membrane; cell wall; cell organelles – endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, plastids, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, vacuoles, lysosomes, microbodies, centrosome and centriole, cilia, flagella, cytoskeleton and nucleus.

Chromosomes: Number; structural organisation; nucleosome.

Biomolecules: Analysis of chemical composition; primary and secondary metabolites; biomacromolecules; proteins; polysaccharides; nucleic acids; structure of proteins; nature of bonds linking monomers in a polymer; dynamic state of body constituents; concept of metabolism; metabolic basis for living; living state.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division: Cell cycle; mitosis; meiosis; significance.

Internal Organisation of Plants

Histology and Anatomy of Flowering Plants: Tissues – types, structure and functions; meristematic tissues; permanent tissues – simple and complex tissues.

Tissue Systems: Types, structure and functions of epidermal, ground and vascular tissue systems.

Anatomy: Dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants – root, stem and leaf; secondary growth in dicot stem and dicot root.

Plant Ecology

Ecological Adaptations, Succession and Ecological Services: Introduction; plant communities and ecological adaptations; hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes; plant succession.

Ecological Services: Pollination, carbon fixation, oxygen release and methods to sustain ecological functions.

Plant Physiology

Transport in Plants: Means of transport – diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive symports and antiports, active transport; comparison of transport processes; plant–water relations; water potential; osmosis; plasmolysis; imbibition; long-distance transport of water; water movement up a plant; root pressure; transpiration pull; transpiration; opening and closing of stomata; transpiration and photosynthesis – a compromise; uptake and transport of mineral nutrients; uptake and translocation of mineral ions; phloem transport – source to sink; pressure-flow or mass-flow hypothesis.

Mineral Nutrition: Methods to study mineral requirements; essential mineral elements; criteria for essentiality; macronutrients; micronutrients; roles of macro- and micronutrients; deficiency symptoms; toxicity of micronutrients; mechanism of absorption of elements; translocation of solutes; soil as a reservoir of essential elements; nitrogen metabolism; nitrogen cycle; biological nitrogen fixation; symbiotic nitrogen fixation; nodule formation.

Enzymes: Chemical reactions; enzymatic conversions; nature of enzyme action; factors affecting enzyme activity; temperature and pH; substrate concentration; classification and nomenclature of enzymes; cofactors.

Photosynthesis in Higher Plants: Early experiments; site of photosynthesis; pigments involved; light reaction; electron transport; splitting of water; cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; biosynthetic phase; primary acceptor of CO₂; Calvin cycle; C₄ pathway; photorespiration; factors affecting photosynthesis.

Respiration of Plants: Cellular respiration; glycolysis; fermentation; aerobic respiration; tricarboxylic acid cycle; electron transport system (ETS); oxidative phosphorylation; respiratory balance sheet; amphibolic pathway; respiratory quotient.

Plant Growth and Development: Plant growth; phases of growth; growth rates; conditions for growth; differentiation; dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; development; plant growth regulators and their physiological effects – auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid; seed dormancy; photoperiodism; vernalisation.

Microbiology

Bacteria: Morphology; bacterial cell structure; nutrition; reproduction; sexual reproduction; conjugation; transformation; transduction; importance of bacteria to humans.

Viruses: Discovery; classification; structure; multiplication of bacteriophages – lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle; viral diseases in plants; viral diseases in humans.

Genetics

Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Mendel’s experiments; inheritance of one gene (monohybrid cross); back cross and test cross; law of dominance; law of segregation or law of purity of gametes; deviations from Mendelian dominance – incomplete dominance and codominance; explanation of the concept of dominance.

Inheritance of Two Genes: Law of independent assortment; chromosomal theory of inheritance; linkage and recombination; mutations; significance of mutations.

Molecular Biology

Molecular Basis of Inheritance: DNA; structure of polynucleotide chain; packaging of DNA helix; search for genetic material; transforming principle; biochemical characterisation of transforming principle; DNA as genetic material; properties of genetic material – DNA versus RNA; RNA world.

Replication: Experimental proof; machinery and enzymes.

Transcription: Transcription unit; transcription unit and gene; types of RNA; process of transcription.

Genetic Code: Mutations and genetic code; tRNA as the adapter molecule; translation.

Regulation of Gene Expression: Lac operon.

Biotechnology

Principles and Processes of Biotechnology: Principles of biotechnology; construction of the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule; tools of recombinant DNA technology – restriction enzymes, cloning vectors and competent host for transformation with recombinant DNA.

Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology: Isolation of genetic material (DNA); cutting of DNA at specific locations; separation and isolation of DNA fragments; insertion of isolated gene into a suitable vector; amplification of gene of interest using PCR; insertion of recombinant DNA into the host cell/organism; selection of transformed host cells; obtaining the foreign gene product; downstream processing.

Biotechnology and Its Applications: Applications in agriculture – Bt cotton and pest-resistant plants; other applications – insulin, gene therapy, molecular diagnosis, ELISA and DNA fingerprinting; transgenic plants; biosafety and ethical issues; biopiracy.

Plants, Microbes & Human Welfare

Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production: Plant breeding – definition; wheat and rice; sugarcane; millets; plant breeding for disease resistance; methods of breeding for disease resistance; mutation; plant breeding for developing resistance to insect pests; plant breeding for improved food quality; single-cell protein (SCP); tissue culture.

Microbes in Human Welfare: Microbes in household products; microbes in industrial products – fermented beverages, antibiotics, chemicals, enzymes and other bioactive molecules; microbes in sewage treatment; primary treatment; secondary treatment or biological treatment; microbes in production of biogas; microbes as biocontrol agents; biological control of pests and diseases; microbes as biofertilisers; challenges posed by microbes.

AP EAPCET 2027 Zoology Syllabus for Agriculture and Pharmacy Courses

Topic

Detailed Topics / Subtopics

Zoology – Diversity of Living World

Life and Zoology: What is life?; nature, scope and meaning of Zoology; branches of Zoology; need for classification; zoos as tools for the study of taxonomy.

Classification: Basic principles of classification; biological system of classification – phylogenetic classification only; levels or hierarchy of classification; nomenclature – binomial and trinomial; species concept; Kingdom Animalia.

Biodiversity: Meaning and distribution; genetic, species and ecosystem diversity; alpha, beta and gamma diversity; other attributes of biodiversity; role of biodiversity; threats to biodiversity; methods of conservation; IUCN Red Data Books.

Wildlife Conservation in India: Legislation, preservation, organisations and threatened species.

Structural Organisation in Animals

Levels of organisation; multicellularity; diploblastic and triploblastic conditions; asymmetry and symmetry – radial and bilateral symmetry, with one example each from representative phyla (brief account).

Body Cavity: Acoelomates, pseudocoelomates and eucoelomates; schizocoelomates and enterocoelomates; brief account of coelom formation.

Tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues.

Animal Diversity-I: Invertebrate Phyla

General characters and classification up to classes, with two or three examples (brief account only).

Phyla: Porifera; Cnidaria; Ctenophora; Platyhelminthes; Nematoda; Annelida – including Earthworm as a type study adhering to NCERT textbook; Arthropoda; Mollusca; Echinodermata; Hemichordata.

Animal Diversity-II: Phylum Chordata

General characters and classification up to classes, with two or three examples (brief account only).

Chordata: Phylum Chordata; Subphylum Urochordata; Subphylum Cephalochordata; Subphylum Vertebrata.

Vertebrate Groups: Superclass Agnatha; Class Cyclostomata; Superclass Gnathostomata; Superclass Pisces; Class Chondrichthyes; Class Osteichthyes; Tetrapoda; Class Amphibia – including Frog as a type study adhering to NCERT textbook; Class Reptilia; Class Aves; Class Mammalia.

Locomotion & Reproduction in Protozoa

Locomotion: Definition; types of locomotor structures; pseudopodia – basic idea without different types; flagella and cilia – brief account with two examples each.

Movement: Flagellar and ciliary movement; effective and recovery strokes in Euglena; synchronous and metachronal movements in Paramecium.

Reproduction: Definition and types; asexual reproduction; transverse binary fission in Paramecium; longitudinal binary fission in Euglena; multiple fission; sexual reproduction.

Biology in Human Welfare

Parasitism and parasitic adaptation.

Health and Disease: Introduction (following NCERT).

Parasitic Organisms: Life cycle, pathogenicity, treatment and prevention (brief account) of Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium vivax, Ascaris lumbricoides and Wuchereria bancrofti.

Diseases: Brief account of pathogenicity, treatment and prevention of typhoid, pneumonia, common cold and ringworm.Drugs and alcohol abuse.

Type Study: Periplaneta americana (Cockroach)

Habitat and habits; external features; locomotion; digestive system; circulatory system; respiratory system; excretory system; nervous system; sense organs; structure of ommatidium; reproductive system.

Ecology & Environment

Organisms and Environment: Ecology, population, communities, habitat, niche, biome and ecosphere – definitions only.

Ecosystem: Elementary aspects; abiotic factors – light, temperature, water, soil and pressure (biological effects only); ecological adaptations; population interactions.

Ecosystems: Types and components; lake ecosystem; food chains; food webs; productivity and energy flow; ecological pyramids – pyramid of numbers, biomass and energy.

Nutrient Cycles: Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles (brief account).

Population Attributes: Growth, natality and mortality; age distribution; population regulation.

Environmental Issues: Air pollution and its control; noise pollution; water pollution and its control; soil pollution; greenhouse effect and global warming; ozone depletion in the stratosphere; degradation due to improper resource utilisation and maintenance; Chipko Movement of the Garhwal Himalayas.

Human Anatomy and Physiology-I

Digestion and Absorption: Alimentary canal and digestive glands; role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; peristalsis; digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; egestion.

Nutritional Disorders: Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea and kwashiorkor.

Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals; respiratory system in humans; mechanism and regulation of breathing; exchange of gases; transport of gases; regulation of respiration; respiratory volumes.

Respiratory Disorders: Asthma, emphysema and occupational respiratory disorders – asbestosis, silicosis, siderosis and black lung disease in coal miners.

Human Anatomy and Physiology-II

10-A: Body Fluids and Circulation: Lymphatic system; clotting of blood; human circulatory system; structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle; cardiac output; double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity; disorders – hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris and heart failure.

10-B: Excretory Products and Their Elimination: Modes of excretion – ammonotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism; human excretory system; structure of kidney and nephron; urine formation; mechanism of concentration of filtrate; osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function – renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, atrial natriuretic factor and ADH; diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders – uraemia, renal failure, renal calculi and nephritis; dialysis using an artificial kidney.

Human Anatomy and Physiology-III

11-A: Muscular and Skeletal System: Skeletal muscle – ultrastructure; contractile proteins and muscle contraction; muscle fatigue; types of muscle fibres.

Skeleton: Axial skeleton; appendicular skeleton; types of joints; structure of synovial joint; skeletal system and its functions.

Disorders: Myasthenia gravis, tetany, muscular dystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout and rigor mortis.

11-B: Neural Control and Coordination: Human nervous system; central nervous system – brain and spinal cord; peripheral nervous system – cranial and